houcine
عدد المساهمات : 721
نقاط : 133840
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تاريخ التسجيل : 14/12/2009
 |  موضوع: writing 2010 new  الخميس أبريل 01, 2010 3:02 pm | |
|
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
right of women
Nowadays we take it for
granted that women have the same rights as men before the first world war few people believed this.
As
far as work was concerned there were jobs wich were regarded as women`s
jobs and other wiche were regarded as men`s jobs. Women`s jobs were
generally lower paid as men`s. Men did almost all the heavy jobs in
industry or in transport.
Women had jobs like dress-making,cleanning or worked as servants.
Women`s
main role was as being to raise childeren and look for their home.
Women were not expected to take position of leaderschip. Women were not
even allowed to vote in elections.
Before the war some women had
been struggling to achieve greater equality with men. The most famous
of these had been the suffragettes who stagged a violent campaign
against the govervment from 1905 to 1914 trying to achieve the right to
vote.however, at the outbreak of war, the were still no near to
success. Many men argued that women were unsuited to such
responsibility that women could not be trusted to vote sensibly that
women should not concern themselves with such male activities and
voting.
During the war many things changed
Human rights
The
concept of human rights has existed under several names in European
thought for many centuries at least since the time of king john of
England.
The
political and religious tradition in order parts of the word also
proclaimed what have come to be called human rights calling on rules to
rule justly and compassionately and delineating limits on their
citizens.
In
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe several philosophers
proposed the concept of rights belonging to person by natural and
because ha was a human being not by virtue of his citizenship in a
particular religion or race or ethnic group.
In
the late 1700, two revolutions occurred which drew heavily on this
concept in 1776, most of the British colonies in North America
proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in document,
which still stirs feeling and debate.
Language
Language
is obviously a vital tool not only is it a means of communicating
thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendship cultural ties and economic
relationship.
Throughout
history many have reflected on importance of language for instance
language shapes thoughts and emotions , determining one’s perception of
reality .language is not only a vehicle for the expression of thoughts
, perceptions , sentiments and values , It also represent ; a
fundamental expression of social identity .
Language of course is knowledge and in our world today, knowledge is on the key factor in competitiveness.
Brains
and knowledge are what create the prosperity and growth we tend to take
for granted .In an advanced industrial society in an increasingly
interdependent world the knowledge of other languages becomes
indispensable.
In short, it’s very important to learn foreign languages but without forget your identity.
You inscribe to University
Dear madam; Date:
I
am writing to ask about opportunities to study interpreting in your
university, I am Moroccan, aged 19, and I hop to pass my baccalaureate
well .I want to become a Translator or interpreter in Arabic French and
English , if I obtain a place at this university , my uncle who lives
in Las Vegas ,will pay my expenses.
My
first language is Arabic, I have also French since the age of 9 , I
speak it fluently , and I have a good reading and writing knowledge of
it.
My
second foreign language is English, which I do not yet speak fluently,
however. I can read it quite well and can write a certain amount . I
also have a limited knowledge of Spanish.
I
should be grateful if you would send me details of your entrance
equipments a copy of your prospectus and an application form.
Dropping from school
The
fact that student drop off from school is a serious problems that
hinders the progress of student first and then the level of national
education .
Most
of students who drop off from school are poor, they speak their
incapability of supplying, their parents obliged them to drop off from
and look for a job to help the family .
Other
reason may be attributed to the students indifference .those students
who stop going to school are villagers because they don’t attend
classes doing some agricultural work instead.
Other
ex-students attest that leaving school is not an idea that comes at
random but as a reaction to the dissatisfaction resulted by those who
have attained their degrees but gained no work after .
The
government must do some serious attempts so that students can keep up
with their studies no matter what circumstances are .Also it should set
plan to improve the educational system to most attainable one that open
minds and doors
Urbanization
Urbanization
refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of entire
population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities, this phenomenon
has been closely connected with industrialization .
By
the end of this decade, more than half of the world’s population will
live in cities making humanity a predominantly urban species for the
first time in Its history .
When
more and more inanimate sources of energy were used in to enhance human
productivity .surpluses increased economical fields
Such as industry. Then the larger and larger proportions of population could live in cities.
Economic
forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate
factories and their workers , urbanization is a serious problem that
will spoil the natural world in due course .there will be no
country-sides and no green places to feel the first endowed natural
beauty of this world .
Life in the countryside
Many
people believe that life in the countryside is mush better than in the
city ,well they are wrong , living in the countryside is really
difficult ,going out at night , for instance , is useless since there
is nowhere to go to enjoy oneself, another thing is that when a person
falls sick it is difficult to find an ambulance to take him to the
nearest hospital .another misconception is about pollution , the
countryside is not wholly clean , the air we breathe is not as fresh as
people think ,many houses are not connected to the main sewage ,and do
you know that many factories exist in many villages
Poverty
Poverty
is becoming a serious problems for many countries , it affects the
whole society and delays the development of the country .
Poor
families very often have health problems , because they have lot of
children , parents are unable to provide medicine for them ,also they
cant send them to school since schooling is expensive , they send them
instead to work and bring them money , so when members of society are
unhealthy or illiterate this affect the development of the country .
Poverty
is a serious problem, an enemy that government should fight by trying
to make all members of society benefit from the resources of their
country and work for its development.
Parents-children relationship
Parents-children
relationship differ from one family to another. While some parents
complain that their children don’t listen to them anymore, children on
the other hand complain that their parents don’t understand them any
longer .
My
relationship with my parents is a good one , I respect them and
understand them, the allow me to choose my friends my cloths to travel
alone and to invite friends home, however , they are very strict when
it comes to my homework or staying late out late at night .
To
have a good parents-relationship is very easy thing if both parents and
children make efforts to create such a kind of relation ship.
Traffic problems
There
are many dangers when driving in a big city , traffic jams, road rage,
car jacking drive-by- shootings ,smash-and-grabs , accidents or purpose
ambulance chasers , corrupt police , touring ,companies that can grab
your car in ten seconds .the list goes on.
Traffic
jams are caused by drivers who tailgate and try to drive faster than
the flow of traffic , when drivers merge at the last second , they have
to step on their brakes , and that causes the tailgaters behind them to
step on their brakes , roads rage occurs when someone loses
self-control , some driver is going too fast , this causes a clash ,
there are many reasons behind the traffic jams problem.
The
latter can also be attributed to the road code, violation , speed and
carelessness , other reasons such as natural factors are involved ,snow
, obscurity, and rain are most of them , one other cause is the poor
infra-structure .
Understanding
these very real dangers will help you learn how to avoid or prevent
traffic problems .drivers should drive safely and learn to maintain
self-control , the driver should be a street-wise so that he can take
the necessary precautions.
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Television
?Television has became part of our every day life .what are its advantages and disadvantages
On
the one hand, TV has became the most influential means of the mass
media because it has both sound and picture .it's also the most popular
source of information education and international , in brief TV brings
the whole word to us.
One the other hand TV develops passive and
lazy viewers .it also prevents communication between the members of the
family besides students don't their homwork and may became aggressive
when they watch films of violence.
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war
WAR
is one of the wost crime that pople have ever made to the humanity.
that's why we should know why some ediot poeple can't stand leaving in
peace becuase
the best thing that can draw the smile on every
one's face is the peace. but in reality we have a deferent image to the
world, we see that no one want to respect the right of other or want's
to enslave poeple or take there weals, and they make some silly reasons
to get what they want exactly like what happend to
our brothers in iraq.
war also creat a very bad destarction and ruin in everywhere.
and
from the main point we can say that poepl in stean of burning world
they have to to learn how to leave in peace and creat the happiness
instead of hate and killing.
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Working children
Child
labour is one of the problems that many countries face, there are
various causes that drive children to work some of them drop out of
school in order to help their poor or sick parents others have to work
because they are orphans. In addiction some parents are ignorant they
think education is a waste of time.
Working children face a tough
life; in factories and mines they work in bad conditions no fresh air,
long hours they may be injured by machines they are also deprived of
education and childhood
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air pollution
air
pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term
effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution
in different ways .some individualsare much more sensitive to
pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after
suffer môre from effects of air pollution.poeple with health problems
such asthma .heart and lung disease may olso suffer more when the air
is poolluted the extent to wich in individual is harmed by air
pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicals i.e the
duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must be
taken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit it ok
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Humain rights
The
concept of human rights has existed under several names in European
thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John of
England. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs
by which England had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the
Magna Carta, or Great Charter, which enumerates a number of what later
came to be thought of as human rights. Among them were the right of the
church to be free from governmental interference, the rights of all
free citizens to own and inherit property and be free from excessive
taxes. It established the right of widows who owned property to choose
not to remarry, and established principles of due process and equality
before the law. It also contained provisions forbidding bribery and
official misconduct.
The political and religious traditions in other
parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called human
rights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and
delineating limits on their power over the lives, property, and
activities of their citizens.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries in Europe several philosophers proposed the concept of
"natural rights," rights belonging to a person by nature and because he
was a human being, not by virtue of his citizenship in a particular
country or membership in a particular religious or ethnic group. This
concept was vigorously debated and rejected by some philosophers as
baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlying principle on
which all ideas of citizens' rights and political and religious liberty
were based.
In the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drew
heavily on this concept. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North
America proclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a
document which still stirs feelings, and debate, the U.S. Declaration
of Independence
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Business
In
economics, business is the social science of managing people to
organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing
particular creative and productive goals, usually to generate profit.
The
etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the
context of the individual as well as the community or society. In other
words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable
work.
The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on
the scope — the general usage (above), the singular usage to refer to a
particular company or corporation, and the generalized usage to refer
to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the
computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of
suppliers of goods and services.
The singular "business" can be a
legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein
individuals organize based on expertise and skills to bring about
social and technological advancement.
In predominantly capitalist
economies, businesses are typically formed to earn profit and grow the
personal wealth of their owners.
The owners and operators of a
business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation
of a financial return in exchange for their work — that is, the expense
of time and energy — and for their acceptance of risk — investing work
and money without certainty of success.
Notable exceptions to this rule include some businesses which are cooperatives, or government institutions.
However,
the exact definition of business is disputable as is business
philosophy; for example, some Marxists use "means of production" as a
rough synonym for "business"; however a more accurate definition of
"means of production" would be the resources and apparatus by which
products and services are created.
Control of these resources and
apparatus results in control of business activity, and so, while they
are very closely related, they are not the same thing.
Socialists
advocate either government, public, or worker ownership of most sizable
businesses. Some advocate a mixed economy of private and state-owned
enterprises. Others advocate a capitalist economy where all, or nearly
all, enterprises are privately owned.
Business Studies is taught as a subject in many schools
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smoking
When
your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty
much anywhere - even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the
place. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health.
Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and
cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise on buses or
trains, billboards, TV, and in many magazines.
Almost everyone
knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it
can shorten your life by 14 years or more; and that the habit can cost
a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still
lighting up!
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natural disaster
A
is the consequence of when a potential natural hazard becomes a
physical event (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide) and this
interacts with human activities. Human vulnerability, caused by the
lack of planning, lack of appropriate emergency management or the event
being unexpected, leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The
resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or
resist the disaster, their resilience.[1] This understanding is
concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet
vulnerability".[2] A natural hazard will hence never result in a
natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong
earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently
been disputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters
without human involvement
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Globalization
Globalization
refers to increasing global connectivity, integration and
interdependence in the economic, social, technological, cultural,
political, and ecological spheres. Globalization is an umbrella term
and is perhaps best understood as a unitary process inclusive of many
sub-processes (such as enhanced economic interdependence, increased
cultural influence, rapid advances of information technology, and novel
governance and geopolitical challenges) that are increasingly binding
people and the biosphere more tightly into one global system.
There
are several definitions and all usually mention the increasing
connectivity of economies and ways of life across the world. The
Encyclopedia Britannica says that globalization is the "process by
which the experience of everyday life ... is becoming standardized
around the world." While some scholars and observers of globalization
stress convergence of patterns of production and consumption and a
resulting homogenization of culture, others stress that globalization
has the potential to take many diverse forms.
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Advertinsing
One
the hand advertising makes consumers aware, of the new products on the
market and helps them spend their money wisely it also as creates many
jobs .
On the other hand advertising makes people feel frustrated,
if they can't afford the products .it also increases the prise of goods
what's more it urges consumers to buy unnecessary commodities .
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cinema
For
the first twenty years of motion picture history most silent films were
short--only a few minutes in length. At first a novelty, and then
increasingly an art form and literary form, silent films reached
greater complexity and length in the early 1910's. The films on the
list above represent the greatest achievements of the silent era, which
ended--after years of experimentation--in 1929 when a means of
recording sound that would be synchronous with the recorded image was
discovered. Few silent films were made in the 1930s, with the exception
of Charlie Chaplin, whose character of the Tramp perfected expressive
physical moves in many short films in the 1910's and 1920s. When the
silent era ended, Chaplin refused to go along with sound; instead, he
maintained the melodramatic Tramp as his mainstay in City Lights (1931)
and Modern Times (1936). The trademarks of Chaplin's Tramp were his
ill-fitting suit, floppy over-sized shoes and a bowler hat, and his
ever-present cane. A memorable image is Chaplin's Tramp shuffling off,
penguin-like, into the sunset and spinning his cane whimsically as he
exits. He represented the "little guy," the underdog, someone who used
wit and whimsy to defeat his adversaries.
Eisenstein's contribution
to the development of cinema rested primarily in his theory of editing,
or montage, which focused on the collision of opposites in order to
create a new entity. One of the greatest achievements in editing is the
Odessa Steps sequence, in his film Potemkin (1925). Eisenstein intercut
between shots of townspeople trapped on the steps by Czarist troops,
and shots of the troops firing down upon the crowd. Members of the
crowd became individual characters to viewers as the montage continued.
Within the editing track the fate of these individuals was played out.
A mother picks up her dead child and confronts the troops. Then she is
shot. A student looks on in terror and then flees--his fate uncertain.
An old woman prays to be spared, but she is killed by a soldier who
slashes her face with his saber. When a woman holding her baby carriage
is killed, she falls to the steps, and the carriage begins a
precipitous decline--shots of the baby crying are intercut with wide
shots of the carriage rolling down the steps. To Eisenstein, each
individual shot contributed an energy within the editing track that
yielded far more than the sum total of shots. In other words, the
"combination" of shots through editing created a new entity, based on
the expressive emotional energy unleashed through the editing process.
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Emmigration
Morocco
recently saw a migration of the population of cities and villages me
especially in the last 50 years that happened Leone Morocco for
independence. What are the reasons that drive housing villages to
migrate to cities? And what are the causes of migrations out of the
negative impact?
-There is a range of reasons why the villagers to
the cities Tahgerh me among them lack even the most basic means
necessary hospitals and transportation means Finding work
Mestekareaulthossein circumstances of living .................. ect .
The result eased the congestion entire towns and neighborhoods Baladi
shanties and Tahera begging and the use of young children Resulting
from the whole circumcision eased some tragic scenes
-Finally, I
wish to state that changed everything in their power to stop the
advance of the pious and out of control the situation
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education
Education
encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something
less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, good
judgement and wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental goals the
imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization).
Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realisation of
self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an
application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research
relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as
psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience,
sociology and anthropology.
The education of an individual human
begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that
education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents'
playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will
influence the child's development.) For some, the struggles and
triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal
schooling (thus Albert Einstein's admonition to "never let school
interfere with your education"). Family members may have a profound
educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though
family teaching may function very informally
. our food.
In
conclusion, these problems are growing daily because people don't want
to change their lifestyle. People need to be educated so they will stop
damaging our planet.
Furthermore,governments should take actions to prevent individuals and companies from harming their environment
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Terrorism
Terrorism
is a term used to describe violence or other harmful acts. Terrorism
expert Walter Laqueur in 1999 has counted over 100 definitions and
concludes that the "only general characteristic generally agreed upon
is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence". Most
definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to
create fear or "terror", are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as
opposed to a "madman" attack), and deliberately target "non-combatants".
As
a form of unconventional warfare, terrorism is sometimes used when
attempting to force political change by: convincing a government or
population to agree to demands to avoid future harm or fear of harm,
destabilization of an existing government, motivating a disgruntled
population to join an uprising, escalating a conflict in the hopes of
disrupting the status quo, expressing a grievance, or drawing attention
to a cause.
The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" (someone who
engages in terrorism) carry a strong negative connotation. These terms
are often used as political labels to condemn violence or threat of
violence by certain actors as immoral, indiscriminate, or unjustified.
Those labeled "terrorists" rarely identify themselves as such, and
typically use other generic terms or terms specific to their situation,
such as: separatist, freedom fighter, liberator, revolutionary,
vigilante, militant, paramilitary, guerrilla, rebel, jihadi or
mujaheddin, or fedayeen, or any similar-meaning word in other languages.
Terrorism
has been used by a broad array of political organizations in furthering
their objectives; both right-wing and left-wing political parties,
nationalistic, and religious groups, revolutionaries and ruling
governments.[1] The presence of non-state actors in widespread armed
conflict has created controversy regarding the application of the laws
of war.
An International Roundtable on Constructing Peace,
Deconstructing Terror (2004) hosted by Strategic Foresight Group
recommended that a distinction should be made between terrorism and
acts of terror. While acts of terror are criminal acts as per the
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 and domestic
jurisprudence of almost all countries in the world, terrorism refers to
a phenomenon including acts, perpetrators of acts of terror and motives
of the perpetrators. There is a disagreement on definition of
terrorism. However, there is an intellectual consensus globally that
acts of terror should not be accepted under any circumstances. This is
reflected in all important conventions including the United Nations
counter terrorism strategy, outcome of the Madrid Conference on
terrorism and outcome of the Strategic Foresight Group and ALDE
roundtables at the European Parliament
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Leisure time
Recreation
is very important for one health whoever we are we need leisure
activities because they enable us our minds and bodies
If we go on working without a break we'll get bord and exchasted
Therfore
we should spend our free time on the things we like doing much as
listing to music and pratising sport in this way we'll have energy to
rasume our studies and warking
OK sany I PPRESENT TO YOU THIS OBJECT OF THE HOW CAN AIR POLLUTION HURT MY HEALTH
air
pollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term
effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollution
in different ways .some individualsare much more sensitive to
pollutants than are others. young children and elderly people after
suffer môre from effects of air pollution.poeple with health problems
such asthma .heart and lung disease may olso suffer more when the air
is poolluted the extent to wich in individual is harmed by air
pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicals i.e the
duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must be
taken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit it ok
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Racism
Racism
or racialism is a form of race, especially the belief that one race is
superior to another. Racism may be expressed individually and
consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially
and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequality between
races.
In the 19th century many legitimized racist beliefs and
practices through scientific theories about biological differences
among races. Today, most scientists have rejected the biological basis
of race or the validity of "race" as a scientific concept. Racism,
then, becomes discrimination based on alleged race. Racists themselves
usually do believe that humans are divided into different races.
There
are two main definitions of racism today. One of them states that
racism is dicrimination based on alleged race, the other - newer - one
states that racism has started to include also discrimination based on
religion or culture
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women working
There
have been a lot of chages in our social life in the last decades .many
more women working ,of course ,has the lifestyle of many families
Many people are worried whether a carrer women can properly care for the children the advantage of women working
women and men are equal and should also have the right have a job
women should hlep in the devlopment of theircountry
carrer mot her are usually educated and so can help their family
the
disadvantage of carrer women : women find ut difficult to take very
good care of children while working out side they usually nturn home
tired often a day 's work outside the also have to deal with the house
work the are left with litter time to care for their childern .
thes affect a lot the whole family ,and may cause problems for children at schol ....e bc.
.finally i say that at taking good care children of women /mothers alonne
man/father should also share this responsibility with their wives
life is getting very expensive and women to help their family
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A drought
A
drought is a prolonged, abnormally dry period when there is not enough
water for users' normal needs. Drought is not simply low rainfall; if
it was, much of inland Australia would be in almost perpetual drought.
Because people use water in so many different ways, there is no
universal definition of drought.
Meteorologists monitor the extent
and severity of drought in terms of rainfall deficiencies.
Agriculturalists rate the impact on primary industries, hydrologists
compare ground water levels, and sociologists define it on social
expectations and perceptions
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tv
nowdays
.TV viewers have a wide choice of channels .more and more people have
got satellite TV not all of them are satisfied with it .
satellite TV has both advantages and drawbaks . whats is de advantages and drawbaks of TV,?
-satellite
TV brings the whole world into your home there a variety of programmes
to choose fromit helps people improve foreigs languages and there are
lots of entertaining ...educating programmes. You may not feel bored.
-and the drawbaks of satellite TV :
People
spend too mush time watching TV and they become passive and lazy there
are too many channels and it is often dificulet to choose the right
programme and the people watch foreign TV channels and not their
national TV .
Thy don't know what is happening in their country ,they might forget about their own culture and problem
Children don't do their homework ,don't read enough .
-satellite TV like any other technology is means to an end people should be selective and watch interesting programmes only.
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Families
It's
not necessarily a fact that small families are the best, but the fact
that raising just one child is extremely expensive. There is the
hospital bill, one must have good medical/dental (very expensive) for
those toothaches, possible braces, fevers, scrapes, childhood diseases,
not to mention the many shots children get during their younger years.
There is clothing, food, a good home to live in, education and other
hidden costs. Your child is better adjusted if they (a boy) are put
into a sport at the age of 5 or 6, or if it's a girl, into dancing,
etc., to keeping them off the streets and also give them insight as to
what the future can hold for them. It costs many thousands of dollars
to raise one child, and I use to know the stats on it, but it has since
changed.
If a family can afford more than 2 children (good to have
sibling) then they should go for it. I have known families during the
50s to 70s where there were 5 - 8 kids in a family and they were all
well adjusted kids, not to mention the oldest child always ends up
helping mom and pop out. Large families can be fun, but if you can't
afford it this can cause a great deal of pressure on the parents and
either shorten their life span or end in divorce. To have a large
family you have to be well organized
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Minorities
A
minority or subordinate group is a sociological group that does not
constitute a politically dominant plurality of the total population of
a given society. A sociological minority is not necessarily a numerical
minority — it may include any group that is disadvantaged with respect
to a dominant group in terms of social status, education, employment,
wealth and political power. To avoid confusion, some writers prefer the
terms "subordinate group" and "dominant group" rather than "minority"
and "majority".
In socioeconomics, the term "minority" typically
refers to a socially subordinate ethnic group (understood in terms of
language, nationality, religion and/or culture). Other minority groups
include people with disabilities, "economic minorities" (working poor
or unemployed), "age minorities" (who are younger or older than a
typical working age) and sexual minorities (whose sexual orientation or
gender identity differs from the sociological norm).
The term
"minority group" often occurs alongside a discourse of civil rights and
collective rights which gained prominence in the 20th century. Members
of minority groups are subject to differential treatment in the society
in which they live. This discrimination may be directly based on an
individual's perceived membership of a minority group, without
consideration of that individual's personal achievement. It may also
occur indirectly, due to social structures that are not equally
accessible to all. Activists campaigning on a range of issues may use
the language of minority rights, including student rights, consumer
rights and animal rights. In recent years, some members of social
groups traditionally perceived as dominant have attempted to present
themselves as an oppressed minority, such as white, middle-class
heterosexual males.
Studies have consistently shown a correlation
between negative attitudes or prejudice toward minorities and social
conservatism (as well as the converse, positive attitutes and social
progressivism).[2] Minority groups in history, include Jews under Nazi
Germany and African Americans in the Jim Crow period
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English
World
science is dominated today by a small number of languages, but English
which is probably is the most popular global language of science and of
modern technology that because many reason: first it is international
language and the majority of country used it as their home language, In
addition to that you can understand what happen in the world, in the
other hand you can understand the new technology, moreover we see that
the people that speak more than two language have a chance to get a
better job than the other people who can speak just one. And also it is
very important to student who want finish their Hight study in
university.
Finally English will become more important in the future and more using in all things
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leiure
.
What i do in my free time ? Well, i like to exercise and sports,
especially Karate. Just the same, i like to watch a football match or a
good film sometimes.
Music- now that`s somethingi like as much as
sport. I very often listen to music on the radio.but what i lke best is
reading books on biology,chemistry and physics. These are my favourite
subjects at school.what about friends? Ilike to be with them on
Saturday
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racism
Racism
or racialism is a form of race, especially the belief that one race is
superior to another. Racism may be expressed individually and
consciously, through explicit thoughts, feelings, or acts, or socially
and unconsciously, through institutions that promote inequality between
races..
In the 19th century many legitimized racist beliefs and
practices through scientific theories about biological differences
among races. Today, most scientists have rejected the biological basis
of race or the validity of "race" as a scientific concept. Racism,
then, becomes discrimination based on alleged race. Racists themselves
usually do believe that humans are divided into different races.
There
are two main definitions of racism today. One of them states that
racism is dicrimination based on alleged race, the other - newer - one
states that racism has started to include also discrimination based on
religion or culture
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2-women
Millions
of women throughout the world live in conditions of abject deprivation
of, and attacks against, their fundamental human rights for no other
reason than that they are women.
Combatants and their sympathizers
in conflicts, such as those in Sierra Leone, Kosovo, the Democratic
Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, and Rwanda, have raped women as a
weapon of war with near complete impunity. Men in Pakistan, South
Africa, Peru, Russia, and Uzbekistan beat women in the home at
astounding rates, while these governments alternatively refuse to
intervene to protect women and punish their batterers or do so
haphazardly and in ways that make women feel culpable for the violence.
As a direct result of inequalities found in their countries of origin,
women from Ukraine, Moldova, Nigeria, the Dominican Republic, Burma,
and Thailand are bought and sold, trafficked to work in forced
prostitution, with insufficient government attention to protect their
rights and punish the traffickers. In Guatemala, South Africa, and
Mexico, women's ability to enter and remain in the work force is
obstructed by private employers who use women's reproductive status to
exclude them from work and by discriminatory employment laws or
discriminatory enforcement of the law. In the U.S., students
discriminate against and attack girls in school who are lesbian,
bi-sexual, or transgendered, or do not conform to male standards of
female behavior. Women in Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia
face government-sponsored discrimination that renders them unequal
before the law - including discriminatory family codes that take away
women's legal authority and place it in the hands of male family
members - and restricts women's participation in public life
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Internet
Theis Internet
a worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer
networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard
Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of
millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government
networks, which together carry various information and services, such
as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web
pages and other documents of the world wide web.
The USSR's launch
of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research
Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a
technological lead.[1][2] ARPA created the Information Processing
Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic
Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide
radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was
selected to head the IPTO, and saw universal networking as a potential
unifying human revolution.
Licklider had moved from the
Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory at Harvard University to MIT in 1950, after
becoming interested in information technology. At MIT, he served on a
committee that established Lincoln Laboratory and worked on the SAGE
project. In 1957 he became a Vice President at BBN, where he bought the
first production PDP-1 computer and conducted the first public
demonstration of time-sharing.
At the IPTO, Licklider recruited
Lawrence Roberts to head a project to implement a network, and Roberts
based the technology on the work of Paul Baran who had written an
exhaustive study for the U.S. Air Force that recommended packet
switching (as opposed to circuit switching) to make a network highly
robust and survivable. After much work, the first node went live at
UCLA on October 29, 1969 on what would be called the ARPANET, one of
the "eve" networks of today's Internet. Following on from this, the
British Post Office, Western Union International and Tymnet
collaborated to create the first international packet switched network,
referred to as the International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), in
1978. This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada, Hong
Kong and Australia by 1981.
The first TCP/IP-wide area network was
operational by January 1, 1983, when the United States' National
Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that
would later become the NSFNet.
It was then followed by the opening
of the network to commercial interests in 1985. Important, separate
networks that offered gateways into, then later merged with, the NSFNet
include Usenet, BITNET and the various commercial and educational
networks, such as X.25, Compuserve and JANET. Telenet (later called
Sprintnet) was a large privately-funded national computer network with
free dial-up access in cities throughout the U.S. that had been in
operation since the 1970s. This network eventually merged with the
others in the 1990s as the TCP/IP protocol became increasingly popular.
The ability of TCP/IP to work over these pre-existing communication
networks, especially the international X.25 IPSS network, allowed for a
great ease of growth. Use of the term "Internet" to describe a single
global TCP/IP network originated around this time.
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A revolution
A
revolution (from Late Latin revolutio which means "a turn around") is a
significant change that usually occurs in a relatively short period of
time. Variously defined revolutions have been happening throughout
human history. They vary in terms of numbers of their participants
(revolutionaries), means employed by them, duration, motivating
ideology and many other aspects. They may result in a socio-political
change in the socio-political institutions, or a major change in a
culture or economy. Scholarly debates about what is and what is not a
revolution center around several issues. Early study of revolutions
primarily analyzed events in European history from psychological
perspective[citation needed], soon however new theories were offered
using explanations for more global events and using works from other
social sciences such as sociology and political sciences. Several
generations of scholarly thought have generated many competing theories
on revolutions, gradually increasing our understanding of this complex
phenomenon
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